Hydrogen Peroxide Production of Individual Nanosecond Pulsed Discharges Submerged in Water of Elevated Conductivity

The production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a key parameter for the performance of pulsed discharges submerged in water utilized as advanced oxidation process. So far, any related assessment of the underlying mechanism was conducted for the application of several hundred discharges, which did not allow for a correlation with physical processes. Moreover, the production was rarely investigated depending on water conductivity as one of the most important parameters for the development of submerged discharges. Accordingly, hydrogen peroxide generation was investigated here for individual single discharge events instigated with 100 ns high-voltage pulses in water with three different conductivities and was associated with the discharge development, i. e. spatial expansion and dissipated electrical energy. The approach necessitated the improvement of an electrochemical flow injection analysis based on the reaction of Prussian blue with H₂O₂. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations were quadratically increasing with propagation time and stable for different water conductivities. H₂O₂ production per unit volume of a discharge was constant over time with an estimated rate constant of 3.2 mol ⋅ m⁻¹ s⁻¹, averaged over the crosssectional area of all discharge filaments. However, the individually dissipated energy increased with conductivity, hence, the production efficiency decreased from 6.1 g ⋅ kWh⁻¹ to 1.4 g ⋅ kWh⁻¹, which was explained by increased resistive losses within the bulk liquid.     

Tuning the Composition and Structure of Ni@MoC Nanosheets for Highly Active and Stable Electrocatalysis in Water Splitting

The conventional electrolytic water-splitting process for hydrogen production is plagued by high energy consumption, low efficiency, and the requirement of expensive catalysts. Therefore, finding effective, affordable, and stable catalysts to drive this reaction is urgently needed. We report a nanosheet catalyst composed of carbon nanotubes encapsulated with MoC/Mo₂C, the Ni@MoC-700 nanosheet showcases low overpotentials of 275 mV for the oxygen evolution reaction and 173 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction at a current density of 10 mA ⋅ cm⁻². Particularly noteworthy is its outstanding performance in a two-electrode system, where a cell potential of merely 1.64 V is sufficient to achieve the desired current density of 10 mA ⋅ cm⁻². Furthermore, the catalyst demonstrates exceptional durability, maintaining its activity over a continuous operation of 40 hours with only minimal attenuation in overpotential. These outstanding activity levels and long-term stability unequivocally highlight the promising potential of the Ni@MoC-700 catalyst for large-scale water-splitting applications.     

Effects of Charged Surfactants on Interfacial Water Structure and Macroscopic Properties of the Air-Water Interface

Surfactants are used to control the macroscopic properties of the air-water interface. However, the link between the surfactant molecular structure and the macroscopic properties remains unclear. Using sum-frequency generation spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, two ionic surfactants (dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide, DTAB, and sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS) with the same carbon chain lengths and charge magnitude (but different signs) of head groups interact and reorient interfacial water molecules differently. DTAB forms a thicker but sparser interfacial layer than SDS. It is due to the deep penetration into the adsorption zone of Br⁻ counterions compared to smaller Na⁺ ones, and also due to the flip-flop orientation of water molecules. SDS alters two distinctive interfacial water layers into a layer where H⁺ points to the air, forming strong hydrogen bonding with the sulphate headgroup. In contrast, only weaker dipole-dipole interactions with the DTAB headgroup are formed as they reorient water molecules with H⁺ point down to the aqueous phase. Hence, with more molecules adsorbed at the interface, SDS builds up a higher interfacial pressure than DTAB, producing lower surface tension and higher foam stability at a similar bulk concentration. Our findings offer improved knowledge for understanding various processes in the industry and nature.     

固相膜萃取-气相色谱法测定养殖用水中痕量有机磷农药

采用固相膜萃取-气相色谱法测定养殖用水中乐果、甲基对硫磷和马拉硫磷等3种有机磷农药的含量。水样经C18固相萃取膜萃取后,用丙酮和二氯甲烷洗脱。用SPB-608毛细管色谱柱分离,氮磷检测器检测。3种有机磷农药的质量浓度均在0.02~1.0μg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)在0.0025~0.004μg·L-1之间。以空白样品为基体进行加标回收试验,回收率在93.0%~111%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)在0.13%~5.2%之间。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定环境水体中24种半挥发性有机物

采用液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定环境水体中的24种半挥发性有机物。水样经二氯甲烷萃取,萃取液经浓缩定容后在DB-5MS毛细管色谱柱上分离,质谱中选择电子轰击离子源-选择离子监测模式,以菲-D10为内标物进行定量。24种化合物的质量浓度在一定范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,检出限为0.03~0.28μg·L-1。加标回收率在70.1%~128%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)小于6%。实际样品分析结果表明,某地地表水和化工区水样中均检出硝基苯类、氯代苯酚类、酞酸酯类等化合物。     

流动注射-分光光度法测定河口水中氨氮的盐效应及校正

建立了流动注射-分光光度法测定河口水中氨氮的盐效应的校正办法。样品溶液中的钙离子、镁离子是造成盐效应的主要因素。低盐区域(盐度0~10)随盐度增加,校正系数迅速降低;高盐区域(盐度10~30)随盐度增加,校正系数缓慢增加。氨氮的线性范围为3.00~300μg·L-1,方法的检出限(3S/N)为1.97μg·L-1。对20.0μg·L-1氨氮标准溶液连续测定7次,测定值的相对标准偏差为4.5%。用标准加入法做方法的回收试验,测得回收率在80.7%~108%之间。     

离子色谱法测定不同地区家庭饮用井水中的阴、阳离子

采用离子色谱法测定不同地区家庭饮用井水中氟离子、氯离子、硝酸根、硫酸根、钠离子、钾离子、镁离子和钙离子等8种阴、阳离子的含量。样品经IonPac AS11-HC型分离柱及IonPac AG11-HC型保护柱分离,以30mmol·L-1氢氧化钾溶液为淋洗液(阴离子分析);样品经IonPac CS12A型分离柱及IonPac CG12A型保护柱分离,以20 mmol·L-1甲基磺酸溶液为淋洗液(阳离子分析);采用电导检测器检测。8种离子在一定的质量浓度范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s)在0.002~0.034mg·L-1之间。对井水样品进行测定,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.59%~2.0%之间。用标准加入法做方法的回收试验,计算得回收率在98.3%~109%之间。     

固相萃取富集-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定饮用水源水体中8种抗生素的残留量

提出了固相萃取富集-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定饮用水源水体中8种抗生素残留量的方法。样品按规定方法进行预处理并调节其酸度至pH 2.5或pH 3.2。将此溶液经过Oasis HLB SPE小柱进行富集并净化。用XBridge C18色谱柱为分离柱,以不同体积比的(A)10mmol·L-1甲酸溶液和(B)10mmol·L-1甲酸-甲醇溶液组成的混合液作流动相进行梯度淋洗。串联质谱分析中采用电喷雾正、负离子源及多反应监测模式。8种抗生素的质量浓度均在1.00~400μg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)在0.4~0.7ng·L-1之间。加标回收率在81.9%~110%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)在0.7%~4.5%之间。     

Modulating ion current rectification generating high energy output in a single glass conical nanopore channel by concentration gradient

Inspired by biological systems that have the inherent skill to generate considerable bioelectricity from the salt content in fluids with highly selective ion channels and pumps on cell membranes,herein,a fully abiotic,single glass conical nanopores energy-harvesting is demonstrated.Ion current rectification(ICR)in negatively charged glass conical nanopores is shown to be controlled by the electrolyte concentration gradient depending on the direction of ion diffusion.The degree of ICR is enhanced with the increasing forward concentration difference.An unusual rectification inversion is observed when the concentration gradient is reversely applied.The maximum power output with the individual nanopore approaches10~4pW.This facile and cost-efficient energy-harvesting system has the potential to power tiny biomedical devices or construct future clean-energy recovery plants.     

免疫磁珠捕获富集结合HPLC-Q-TOF/MS技术分析复杂水样中的蓖麻毒素

以自来水、海水以及国际禁化武组织(OPCW)官方水平考试水样为背景基质,在优化仪器参数的基础上,建立了3种水样基质中蓖麻毒素的高效液相色谱-四极杆/飞行时间质谱(HPLC-Q-TOF/MS)分析方法。蓖麻毒素在3种基质中的检出限分别为0.05,0.20,1.00μg/m L,HPLC-Q-TOF/MS测得蓖麻毒素的分子量为62 884.97 Da。为提高复杂水样的分析灵敏度,采用连接有蓖麻毒素单克隆抗体6A6的免疫磁珠对不同水样中的蓖麻毒素进行富集与纯化,利用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法绘制了免疫磁珠捕获方法的工作曲线,在5.00~100μg/m L线性范围内,不同浓度加标样品的回收率为82.1%~88.8%,相对标准偏差为4.2%~5.9%。将免疫捕获技术与HPLC-Q-TOF/MS分析方法相结合,对真实蓖麻毒素加标样品进行分析,3种基质中蓖麻毒素的检出限分别达2.5,10,50 ng/m L。本方法可用于水样中痕量蓖麻毒素的快速、有效检测。